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什麼是燃燒四要素?滅火原理與方法
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什麼是燃燒四要素?滅火原理與方法

火災
消防
應變
自助互助公助
居家安全
2020.12.07

維持燃燒的化學反應有四個要素,分別是
助燃物(氧或空氣)、熱能(溫度)、可燃物、連鎖反應,四者缺其一,燃燒便無法發生喔!
因此滅火的基本原理便是針對燃燒的四要素來去除,讓燃燒的化學反應不能繼續,火就會熄滅了。
針對燃燒四要素我們可將滅火方法歸納出下列四種:

1.窒息法:阻絕可燃物與助燃物(空氣)接觸。可分為:

( 一 ) 不燃性氣體覆蓋法:將不燃性氣體 (二氧化碳CO2或氮氣N2 )傾注於可燃物,阻絕可燃物與氧氣接觸。
( 二 ) 不燃性泡沫滅火法:因泡沫與燃燒物混合的情況下,泡沫所含之水份會因熱而蒸發為水蒸氣,而泡沫本身會遮斷空氣供應,達到阻絕效果。
( 三 ) 不燃性固體覆蓋法: 燃燒面積若不大時,可使用沙、土等不燃性固體覆蓋,阻絕其與空氣之接觸。

2.冷卻法:以水降低燃燒溫度到燃點以下。
3.除去滅火法:將燃燒物由火源中移除,減低燃燒面積。
4.抑制法:移除連鎖反應,加入能破壞連鎖反應的物質,通常指利用化學藥劑於火焰中產生鹵素(或鹼金屬)離子,奪取燃燒機構之氫離子或氧離子,阻礙燃燒現象,如乾粉滅火器等。

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